Likely to cause
Can cause
May cause
Toluene
CAS: 108-88-3
How can this chemical affect my health?
Acute (Short Term) Effects

Toxic to Humans & Animals – Toxicity or fatality on contact, ingestion or inhalation to humans and other mammals.

Skin Irritation – Irritation or serious damage to the skin.

Eye Irritation – Irritation or serious damage to the eyes.
Data sources
Direct Hazard » Toxic to Humans & Animals
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- FIFRA Registered PesticideUS EPA - OPP - Registered PesticidesUS Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
- H332 - Harmful if inhaled [Acute toxicity (inhalation: vapor) - Category 4]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- H336 - May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 3 (Narcotic effects)]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- Acute inhalation toxicity category 4GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
- Acute oral toxicity category 4GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
Direct Hazard » Skin Irritation
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H315 - Causes skin irritation [Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2]EU - GHS (H-Statements) Annex 6 Table 3-1European Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- H315 - Causes skin irritation [Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2]GHS - KoreaRepublic of Korea - National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)
- Skin irritation category 2GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
- H315 - Causes skin irritation [Skin corrosion / irritation - Category 2]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- H315 - Causes skin irritation [Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2]GHS - MalaysiaMalaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- H315 - Causes skin irritation [Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2]GHS - AustraliaSafe Work Australia
Direct Hazard » Eye Irritation
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- Eye irritation category 2GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
- H320 - Causes eye irritation [Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
Chronic (Long Term) Effects

Birth Defects – Harm to the developing child including birth defects, low birth weight and biological or behavioral problems that appear as the child grows.

Other Health Effects – Can cause serious damage on contact or ingestion.

Brain/Nervous System Harm – Damage to the nervous system including the brain.

Endocrine Disruption – Interference with the endocrine system, which plays a crucial role in metabolism, development, growth, reproduction and behavior.

Reproductive Harm – Disruption of the male or female reproductive systems, changing sexual development, behavior or functions, decreasing fertility, or resulting in loss of the fetus during pregnancy.

Allergen/Asthmagen – Immune system responses that result in respiratory health effects that occur with increased sensitivity to lower and lower exposures over time.
Data sources
Direct Hazard » Birth Defects
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- Developmental NeurotoxicantG&L - Neurotoxic ChemicalsLancet: authors Philippe Grandjean & Phil Landrigan
- Developmental toxicityCA EPA - Prop 65California Environmental Protection Agency (CA EPA)
- H361d - Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Reproductive toxicity - Category 2]EU - GHS (H-Statements) Annex 6 Table 3-1European Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- Pregnancy Risk Group CMAKMAK Commission of Germany (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)
- H361d - Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Reproductive toxicity - Category 2]GHS - MalaysiaMalaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- H362 - May cause harm to breast-fed children [Developmental Toxicity - May cause harm to breast-fed children]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
Direct Hazard » Other Health Effects
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Aspiration hazard - Category 1]EU - GHS (H-Statements) Annex 6 Table 3-1European Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 2]EU - GHS (H-Statements) Annex 6 Table 3-1European Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 2]GHS - KoreaRepublic of Korea - National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)
- H372 - Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following repeated exposure - Category 1]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- H370 - Causes damage to organs [Specific target organs/systemic toxicity following single exposure - Category 1]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Aspiration hazard - Category 1]GHS - MalaysiaMalaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 2]GHS - MalaysiaMalaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- H304 - May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Aspiration hazard - Category 1]GHS - AustraliaSafe Work Australia
- H373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 2]GHS - AustraliaSafe Work Australia
- H335 - May cause respiratory irritation [Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 3]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure category 2GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
Direct Hazard » Brain/Nervous System Harm
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H336 - May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure; Narcotic effects - Category 3]EU - GHS (H-Statements) Annex 6 Table 3-1European Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- H336 - May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 3]GHS - KoreaRepublic of Korea - National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)
- H336 - May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure; Narcotic effects - Category 3]GHS - MalaysiaMalaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- H336 - May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure; Narcotic effects - Category 3]GHS - AustraliaSafe Work Australia
Direct Hazard » Endocrine Disruption
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- Potential Endocrine DisruptorTEDX - Potential Endocrine DisruptorsThe Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX)
Direct Hazard » Reproductive Harm
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H361 - Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Reproductive toxicity - Category 2]GHS - KoreaRepublic of Korea - National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)
- Reproductive toxicity category 2GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
- H360 - May damage fertility or the unborn child [Toxic to reproduction - Category 1A]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- Reproductive Toxicity - Category 2EU - Annex VI CMRsEuropean Union / European Commission (EU EC)
Direct Hazard » Allergen/Asthmagen
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- Asthma - irritant - limited evidenceCHE - Toxicant DatabaseCollaborative on Health and the Environment (CHE)
Inherent Hazards

Restricted List – This chemical is on a list from an authoritative body recommending that its use be avoided.

Flammable – Easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly.
Data sources
Direct Hazard » Restricted List
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- HAPs subject to the Clean Air ActUS EPA - Hazardous Air PollutantsUS Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
- Chemicals of high concernSCHF - Hazardous 100Toxic-Free Future (formerly Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families (SCHF))
- Candidate Chemical ListCA SCP - Candidate ChemicalsCalifornia Department of Toxic Substance Control (CA DTSC)
- Chemicals of ConcernCA SCP - Candidate ChemicalsCalifornia Department of Toxic Substance Control (CA DTSC)
- Assessment of regulatory needsEU - PACT-RMOA SubstancesEuropean Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- V3 2014 Substance of Concern ListBIFMA - e3/level Annex B list of chemicalsBusiness and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA)
- Some SolventsGSPI - Six Classes Precautionary ListGreen Science Policy Institute (GSPI)
- Substances restricted under REACHEU - REACH Annex XVII non-CMRsEuropean Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- Chemicals of High ConcernME DEP - Chemicals of High Concern and Priority ChemicalsMaine Department of Environmental Protection
- Chemicals of High ConcernMDH - Chemicals of High Concern and Priority ChemicalsMinnesota Department of Public Health
- Chemicals of High Concern to ChildrenWA DoE - Chemicals of High Concern to ChildrenWashington State Department of Ecology (WA DOE)
- Designated ChemicalCA DTSC - Biomonitoring California Chemical ListCalifornia Department of Toxic Substance Control (CA DTSC)
- CoHC List (non SVHC)CPA - Chemical FootprintClean Production Action (CPA)
- Children's ProductsC2C Certified v4.0 Product Standard Restricted Substances List (RSL) - Effective July 1, 2022Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
- Formulated Consumer ProductsC2C Certified v4.0 Product Standard Restricted Substances List (RSL) - Effective July 1, 2022Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
- High priority chemicalsSephora - High Priority ChemicalsSephora
- 2019 Substance of Concern ListBIFMA - e3/level Annex B list of chemicalsBusiness and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA)
- Annex III - Restricted SubstancesEU - Cosmetics RegulationEuropean Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- SpecificationIFRA - Index of IFRA Standards 51st AmendmentInternational Fragrance Association (IFRA)
- ProhibitionIFRA - Index of IFRA Standards 51st AmendmentInternational Fragrance Association (IFRA)
- Tier 1 “Do Not Use Chemicals” for EveryoneCampaign for Safe Cosmetics’ Red List of Chemicals of ConcernCampaign for Safe Cosmetics
- Prohibited ChemicalsCredo Beauty's Restricted Substance ListCredo
- 1st Round Priority ChemicalsCEPN - Chemicals Prioritized for Elimination or SubstitutionClean Electronics Production Network
- Limit of harmful substances in industrial protective coatings (GB 30981-2020)China's limit standard for volatile organic compoundsState Administration for Market Regulation - Standardization Administration of China
- Limit standard for volatile organic compounds content in adhesives (GB 33372-2020)China's limit standard for volatile organic compoundsState Administration for Market Regulation - Standardization Administration of China
- Limit standard for volatile organic compounds content in printing inks (GB 38507-2020)China's limit standard for volatile organic compoundsState Administration for Market Regulation - Standardization Administration of China
- Limit standard for volatile organic compounds content in cleaning agents (GB 38508-2020)China's limit standard for volatile organic compoundsState Administration for Market Regulation - Standardization Administration of China
- Restrictions for Manufacturing ProcessGoogle Manufacturing Restricted Substances Specification (v1.3)Google
- Chemicals of High Concern to ChildrenVermont Chemicals of High Concern to ChildrenVermont Environmental Health Division
- Reportable ChemicalsMA Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) listed substancesMassachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
- Cosmetics & Personal Care ProductsC2C Certified v4.0 Product Standard Restricted Substances List (RSL) - Effective July 1, 2022Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
- Priority for Inclusion in the Living Building Challenge Red ListLiving Building Challenge 4.0 - Red List of Materials & Chemicals - Effective February 1, 2025International Living Future Institute (ILFI)
- Food Contact Chemicals of Concern List (FCCoCL) - TIER 1Food Contact Chemicals of Concern (FCCoCL)Food Packaging Forum
- Target Priority Chemicals List (TPCL)Target Corp - Target Priority Chemicals List (TPCL)Target Corporation
- ZDHC - MRSL v2.0 Candidate ListZDHC - MRSL v2.0Zero Discharge of Hazardous Waste Chemicals Programme
- EDF Key chemicals of concern in food packaging and food handling equipmentEDF Key chemicals of concern in food packaging and food handling equipmentEnvironmental Defense Fund
- FSAP Food Packaging Product Stewardship ConsiderationsFSAP Food Packaging Product Stewardship ConsiderationsFood Safety Alliance for Packaging (FSAP)
- FPF Priority Substance List from FCCdbFPF Priority Substance List from FCCdbFood Packaging Forum
- SolventsGreenScreen Certified Standard for Cleaners & Degreasers RSLClean Production Action (CPA)
- Other Chemicals of ConcernGreenScreen Certified Standard for Food Service Ware RSLClean Production Action (CPA)
- Food Packaging Forum Priority Substances ListGreenScreen Certified Standard for Food Service Ware RSLClean Production Action (CPA)
- Restrictions in Manufacturing ProcessesApple Regulated Substances SpecificationApple Inc.
- Reportable Substances and Future Restrictions in Manufacturing ProcessesApple Regulated Substances SpecificationApple Inc.
- GADSL Declarable Substances - Information is being collected for a non-regulatory purpose (D/FI)Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (GADSL)Global Automotive Stakeholder Group (GASG)
- GreenScreen LT-1 (based on 2018 Chemical Footprint Project)GreenScreen Certified Standard for Medical Supplies & Devices Silver-Gold RSLClean Production Action (CPA)
- Tier 1 “Do Not Use” Chemicals of Greater Concern for Black WomenCampaign for Safe Cosmetics’ Red List of Chemicals of ConcernCampaign for Safe Cosmetics
- Potential ACUTE health effects (sudden or short-term)OR OHA - High Priority Chemicals of Concern for Children's Health (HPCCCH)Oregon Health Authority
- Potential CHRONIC health effects (over time or long-term)OR OHA - High Priority Chemicals of Concern for Children's Health (HPCCCH)Oregon Health Authority
- Restricted Substances in ProductsApple Regulated Substances SpecificationApple Inc.
- Reportable Substances and Future Restrictions in ProductsApple Regulated Substances SpecificationApple Inc.
- ATSDR 2022 Substance Priority ListATSDR’s Substance Priority ListUS Centers for Disease Control (US CDC)
- TSCA - Substantial Risk NoticesTSCA Chemical Substantial Risk NoticesUS Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
- Priority ChemicalsMind the Store Priority Chemical Classes & GroupsToxic-Free Future (formerly Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families (SCHF))
- All ProductsC2C Certified v4.1 Product Standard Restricted Substances - Effective July 1, 2025Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
- Cosmetics and Personal Care ProductsC2C Certified v4.1 Product Standard Restricted Substances - Effective July 1, 2025Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
- Japan - CSCLJapan - Chemical Substances Control LawGovernment of Japan
- Substance evaluation - CoRAPECHA - Community Rolling Action Plan (CoRAP)European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
- Trade Union Priority List 2.0ETUC - Trade Union Priority List 2.0European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
- CSCP - Reportable Ingredient ListCalifornia Safe Cosmetics Program - Reportable Ingredient ListCalifornia Department of Public Health (CDPH)
- ZDHC - MRSL v3.1ZDHC - MRSL v3.1Zero Discharge of Hazardous Waste Chemicals Programme
- Data generation and assessmentEU - PACT-RMOA SubstancesEuropean Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- VOCsAFIRM RSL v10 (2025)The Apparel and Footwear International RSL Management Group (AFIRM)
- OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100OEKO-TEX® STANDARD 100International Association for Research and Testing in the Field of Textile and Leather Ecology (OEKO-TEX)
- Core List - Mixtures OnlyC2C Certified v5.0 Product Standard Restricted Substances - Effective March 16, 2026Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
- Restrictions Based on Hazard Endpoints and Risk (Silver)C2C Certified v5.0 Product Standard Restricted Substances - Effective March 16, 2026Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII)
Direct Hazard » Flammable
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour [Flammable liquids - Category 2]EU - GHS (H-Statements) Annex 6 Table 3-1European Union / European Commission (EU EC)
- H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour [Flammable liquids - Category 2]GHS - KoreaRepublic of Korea - National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)
- Flammable liquids category 2GHS - New ZealandTe Mana Rauhī Taiao (Aotearoa New Zealand EPA)
- H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour [Flammable liquids - Category 2]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
- H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour [Flammable liquids - Category 2]GHS - MalaysiaMalaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour [Flammable liquids - Category 2]GHS - AustraliaSafe Work Australia
How does this chemical impact the environment?

Persistent – Does not break down readily from natural processes.

Acute Harm to Aquatic Ecosystems – Biological harm or possible death to fish or other aquatic organisms following a single exposure.

Chronic Harm to Aquatic Ecosystems – Irreversible harm to fish or other aquatic organisms following long term exposure.
Data sources
Direct Hazard » Persistent
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- PersistentEC - CEPA DSLEnvironment Canada & Health Canada (EC)
Direct Hazard » Acute Harm to Aquatic Ecosystems
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H401 - Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - Category 2]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
Direct Hazard » Chronic Harm to Aquatic Ecosystems
These sources refer directly to this chemical:
- H412 - Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - Category 3]GHS - JapanGovernment of Japan
What safer alternatives are available for this chemical?
Find case studies related to substitutions for this chemical in SubsPORT, the substitution support portal.
How am I likely to be exposed to this chemical?

Skin contact

Inhalation
How can I protect myself from exposure to this chemical in the workplace?

Handle with gloves

Respirator